Only an excerpt was provided; here’s a concise, general summary of what such comparisons cover: The article contrasts steam’s long-standing role in industry with the more recent adoption of heat-transfer fluids (HTFs), outlining where each utility system fits best. It compares operating envelopes (steam tied to saturation pressure/temperature vs HTFs enabling higher temperatures at low pressure), heat-transfer performance (steam’s high coefficients from condensation vs lower convection with HTFs), safety and maintenance (steam needs water treatment and corrosion control; HTFs require thermal stability management, leak/fire mitigation, and inerting), and system design/operations (boilers, traps, condensate return vs pumps, expansion tanks, nitrogen blanketing). It also weighs efficiency, control precision, tracing/distribution, and lifecycle costs to guide selection by application.

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